Composition IV by Wassily Kandinsky

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Composition

Vasiliy Wassilyevich Kandinskiy (Rusça: Василий Кандинский) (d. 16 Aralık [E.U. 4 Aralık] 1866, Rusya – ö. 13 Aralık 1944), ressam ve sanat kuramcısı. Teorileri ve uygulamalarıyla 20. yüzyılda etkin rol oynayan önemli bir kuramcı ve ressam olmuştur. Avrupa’da soyut sanatın öncülüğünü yapmıştır.

Kandinskiy 1866’da Moskova‘da doğdu. 1886 yılında Moskova Üniversitesi’nde hukuk ve ekonomi okumaya başladı. Üç yıl sonra Vologda’ya düzenlenen etnografik bir geziye katıldı, ardından Rus Halk Sanatı üzerine bir makale yazdı. Bu deneyimin Kandinsky’yi ne kadar etkilediği, Song of Volga , Couple Riding, Colorful Life adlı ilk dönem resimlerinde rahatlıkla fark edilir. Bu resimler, kompozisyon koyu üzerine açık ve ışıklı formlar ile kurgulanmıştır. St. Petersburg ve Paris’e seyahat eden Kandinsky, 1896 senesinde hukuk alanında ki kariyerini terk edip ressam olmaya karar verdi. İyi Almanca bildiği için ve eski Rus milliyetçilerinin çoğunlukla yaşadığı Münih‘e taşındı. 1900 ve 1908 yılları arasında Moskova Sanatçılar Birliği beraberinde sergiler düzenledi. Diğer yandan Münih sanat ortamına girdi ve sergilerde ismi görünmeye başladı. Yerel sanat okullarında çalışmalar yaptıktan sonra Phalanx sanatçılar grubunu kurdu. Her yönden yetenekli bir sanatçıydı ve öncelerinde öğrencisi olduğu Phalanx grubunun daha sonra öğretmeni oldu. Fransız filozof Charles Fourier’nin (1772–1837), yarattığı ütopik toplumu için kullandığı bir kavram olan Phalanx kelimesi, 1901 yılında Kandinski ve arkadaşları tarafından, sanatçıların sergi açabilme olanaklarını genişletmeyi amaçlayan sanatçı grubuna verilmiş bir isim olarak sanat tarihindeki yerini aldı. Oluşum, 1904 senesine kadar Münih sanat ortamında aktif olarak rol oynamıştır.

10 yıl beraber yaşadığı Gabriele Münter o dönemde devlet okullarına kadınların alınmaması nedeniyle erkek ve kadınlara eşit davranılan Phalanx okuluna katılmıştı. Kandinskiy ile Phalanx’da tanıştı ve öğrencisi oldu. Bunu birliktelikleri ve yaşadıkları aşk izledi.

1904’te Kandinskiy ve Münter 4 yıl sürecek olan Venedik, Tunus, Hollanda, Fransa ve Rusya gezilerine başladılar. Gezileri boyunca Van Gogh, Gauguin ve Monet gibi empresyonisterin sanat yaklaşımları konusunda incelemelerde bulundular. 1908’de tekrar Münih’e dönerek yerleştiler.

Entrance to the Village of Voisins, Yvelines by Camille Pissarro

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Camılle Pıssaro(10 Temmuz 1830, 13 Kasım 1903),Fransız empresyonist ressam.Ticaretle uğraşan varlıklı bir Yahudi ailesinin çocuğuydu. Sanata yakınlığı 12 yaşında, eğitim amacıyla yollandığı Paris’te ortaya çıktı. 5 yıl öğrenim gördükten sonra babasının yanında çalışmak üzere Batı Hint Adalarına geri döndü, asıl amacı ressam olmaktı. Çevreyi ve insanları betimlediği ilk çalışmalarını bu yıllarda yaptı.

Babası ressam olmasına izin vermeyince Varacas’a kaçtı ve 2 yıl Danimarkalı ressam Fritz Melbye’nnin yanında kaldı. Sonuçta babasının iznini olarak 1855′te Fransa’ya gitti. Bu dönemde yaptığı ilk resimler tropik manzaralar; Fransa’dan kır görünümleri ve figür çalışmalarıydı.

Girdiği Güzel Sanatlar Yüksekokulu’ndaki akademik eğitim sistemine yakınlık duyamayınca, Corot’un izinden gitmeye başladı. Aynı dönemde Barbizon okulu ressamlarından Jean-François ile Gustave Courbet’nin yapıtlarına da ilgi duydu. Zaman içinde kendini geliştirdi ama yeni-izlenimci türdeki yapıtları sanat çevrelerinde de tepkiyle karşılanmış bu da onu maddi açıdan zor günlere sürüklemişti. Açtığı bir iki sergiyle az da olsa maddi durumunu biraz düzeltebildi lakin sağlık sorunları başladı.

1893′de Paris’te bir otel odası tuttu ve penceresinden gördüklerini resimlemeye başladı. Aynı görünümleri günün değişik saatlerinde betimlediği 24 resim bu döneme aittir. 1890′larda da bir süre Rouen’da ırmak manzaraları yaptı. En verimli dönemi son yılları oldu. Sanat Yaşamında 1.600 resim ve 200 baskı gerçekleştirmiştir.

Der Wanderer über dem Nebelmeer(Wanderer above the Sea of Fog) by Caspar David Friedrich

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Wanderer above the Sea of Fog

Wanderer above the Sea of Fog

 

 

 

In the foreground, a young man stands upon a rocky precipice, his back to the viewer. He is wrapped in a dark green overcoat, and grips a walking stick in his right hand.[1] His hair caught in a wind, the wanderer gazes out on a landscape covered in a thick sea of fog. In the middle ground, several other ridges, perhaps not unlike the ones the wanderer himself stands upon, jut out from the mass.[2] Through the wreaths of fog, forests of trees can be perceived atop these escarpments. In the far distance, faded mountains rise in the left, gently leveling off into lowland plains in the east. Beyond here, the pervading fog stretches out indefinitely, eventually commingling with the horizon and becoming indistinguishable from the cloud-filled sky.[1]

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Mademoiselle O’Murphy by François Boucher

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Boucher’s Mademoiselle O’Murphy is one of the most sexually provocative pictures in the canon. Its subject, lying naked and splayed on a daybed, is Marie-Louise O’Murphy – a Parisian “child-courtesan”, 14 at the time of painting, soon  after to become the mistress of Louis XV.

Her age is perhaps why Boucher refrains from showing her frontally naked. But this notional decency only contributes to making her a more passive object. Beyond any seductive welcome, this body is simply ready.

The focus is on the buttocks. But that’s not precisely where the provocation lies. This picture offers buttocks with wide-open legs – a direct invitation to penetrate.

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La Vieja friendo huevos (Old Woman Cooking Eggs) by Diego Velázquez

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La Vieja friendo huevos

In this work an old woman sits holding a spoon over the eggs broken into a bowl. A young boy watches, holding a flask of wine and a melon. Their actions are frozen, the two do not communicate, their gazes never meeting. Instead, the momentous encounters in this picture all occur in the realm of illusionism – in the light reflected from a pestle and mortar, the stains of an earthenware jug, the uniqueness of an onion or chili, or the ear of the old woman, conjured forth from under the folds of her headscarf. This kitchen scene or bodegon was painted from life models that appear as motionless as the objects. The painting belongs to Velasquez’s earlier group of works, often genre scenes featuring figures and still-lifes and is part of a series of tavern and kitchen scenes painted in Seville prior to 1623

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The Night Watch(De Nachtwacht) by Rembrandt

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Night Watch or The Night Watch or The Shooting Company of Frans Banning Cocq (Dutch: De Nachtwacht) is the common name of one of the most famous works by Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn.

The painting is said to have been commissioned by the Captain and 17 members of his Kloveniers (civic militia guards), and although 18 names appear on a shield in the centre right background, the drummer was hired, and so was allowed in the painting for free. A total of 34 characters appear in the painting. Rembrandt was paid 1,600 guilders for the painting (each person paid one hundred), a large sum at the time.

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The Rape of the Sabine Women by Giambologna

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The Rape of the Sabine Women The Rape of the Sabine Women is an episode in the legendary history of Rome in which the first generation of Roman men acquired wives for themselves from the neighboring Sabine families. The English word “rape” is a conventional translation of Latin raptio, which in this context means “abduction” rather than its prevalent modern meaning of sexual violation. Recounted by Livy and Plutarch (Parallel Lives II, 15 and 19), it provided a subject for Renaissance and post-Renaissance works of art that combined a suitably inspiring example of the hardihood and courage of ancient Romans with the opportunity to depict multiple figures, including heroically semi-nude figures, in intensely passionate struggle. Comparable themes from Classical Antiquity are the Battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs and the theme of Amazonomachy, the battle of Theseus with the Amazons. A comparable opportunity drawn from Christian scripture was the Massacre of the Innocents.

the Rape is supposed to have occurred in the early history of Rome, shortly after its founding by Romulus and his mostly male followers. Seeking wives in order to found families, the Romans negotiated unsuccessfully with the Sabines, who populated the area. Fearing the emergence of a rival society, the Sabines refused to allow their women to marry the Romans. Consequently, the Romans planned to abduct Sabine women. Romulus devised a festival of Neptune Equester and proclaimed the festival among Rome’s neighbours. According to Livy, many people from Rome’s neighbours attended, including folk from the Caeninenses, Crustumini, and Antemnates, and many of the Sabines. At the festival Romulus gave a signal, at which the Romans grabbed the Sabine women and fought off the Sabine men. The indignant abductees were soon implored by Romulus to accept Roman husbands. Livy is clear that no sexual assault took place. On the contrary, Romulus offered them free choice and promised civic and property rights to women. According to Livy, Romulus spoke to them each in person, “and pointed out to them that it was all owing to the pride of their parents in denying the right of intermarriage to their neighbours. They would live in honourable wedlock, and share all their property and civil rights, and—dearest of all to human nature—would be the mothers of free men.

L’Ultima Cena by Leonardo da Vinci

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The Last Supper (Italian: Il Cenacolo or L’Ultima Cena) is a 15th century mural painting in Milan created by Leonardo da Vinci for his patron Duke Ludovico Sforza and his duchess Beatrice d’Este. It represents the scene of The Last Supper from the final days of Jesus as it is told in the Gospel of John 13:21, when Jesus announces that one of his Twelve Apostles would betray him.

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Tower of Babel by Bruegel Pieter

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Tower of Babel

The Tower of Babel is the subject of three oil paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder. The first, a miniature painted on ivory, was painted while Bruegel was in Rome and is now lost.[1] The two surviving paintings depict the construction of the Tower of Babel, which according to the Book of Genesis in the Bible, was a tower built by a unified, monolingual humanity as a mark of their achievement and to prevent them from scattering: “Then they said, ‘Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves; otherwise we shall be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.'” (Genesis 11:4). The person in the foreground is likely Nimrod, who was said to have ordered the construction of the Tower

Procession in Piazza San Marco by Bellini

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Procession in Piazza San Marco

The Confraternity of the Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista in Venice called upon the most respected Venetian painters of the period, including Pietro Perugino, Vittore Carpaccio, Gentile Bellini, Giovanni Mansueti, Lazzaro Bastiani and Benedetto Diana to paint nine canvases for the Great Hall of their headquarters showing the Miracles of the Holy Cross, the story of the miracles performed by the fragment of wood from the Cross on which Jesus was crucified. This fragment had been donated to the brotherhood in 1369 by Philip de Mezières, Chancellor of the Kingdom of Cyprus and Jerusalem, and had soon become an object of great veneration and the symbol of the Scuola, one of the most important and wealthy Venetian confraternities.

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